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Asatru is a reconstruction religion. This means we try to reconstruct, or replicate, what the Vikings believed and practiced. We hon our and give offerings to the Gods (Odin, Thor, Freya, etc), our ancestors, and nature spirits (animals). The Havalmal lays out most of our morals and values. Beyond the "be a good person" thing that every religion seems to have there is also a strong emphasis on hospitality and history.
Other things of note:
The word "Asatru" comes from two different words. "Asa" is for Aesir, one of the tribes of Gods, and "Tru" is for loyalty. Literally Asatru means loyalty to the Aesir. There is another tribe of Gods though, the Vanir, and so other names for the religion exist. Vanatru, Odinism, and such. There are names such as Heathenism and Norse Reconstructionism. Originally the Vikings did not have a name for their religion; it just was.
Norse mythology is to Asatru as the stories in the bible are to Christianity, I think. Our ancestors did not write their stories down too often, so much of the mythology is comprised of the noes Snorri took. Snorri was a christian monk who was interested in what the Norsemen believed. The book Norse Myths by Crossly-Holland is a great read if you like the stories.
I think that's the basics =)
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