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It didn't
The spread of Christianity declined whilst Christians where being persecuted.
Constantine adopted Christianity to use a motivating factor in his bid to gain control of the Empire. He was later successful in becoming Emperor.
However it should be pointed out that Rome and it successor the Roman Catholic church, used genocide to wipe out tribes that had spread other versions of Christianity farther and faster than Rome.
Adopting Christianity is often cited as one of the reasons that the Roman empire collapsed. the argument being that it took away the divine right of the emperor and Romans to rule. I do not accept such an argument. The Empire had never been stable and had constantly suffered from civil wars. Rome depended on continuous expansion so that it could pay for its legions using the captured spoils of victories. Rome had the Atlantic to the west so could only expand further to the East. The Roman armies discovered that they were no match for the Eastern Horse archers, so were doomed to stagnation.
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