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Because the Eastern Orthodox Church was not under papal restrictions on education, science and having dealings with the non-Christian world.
In western Europe, just about everybody was illiterate except for church and government officials.
Another way of looking at it is that when Emperor Constantine converted and became a Christian, he took his court east and created a new capital city named after himself: Constantinople. That part of the Empire left behind mostly withered on the vine.
The Patriarch of Rome (later to become the Pope) still ran the western church, but the government was behind the Eastern Church in Constantinople.
While the west entered into the dark ages, there were all sorts of intrigues in the east due to the fact that there was no separation of church and state.
The dark ages in the west are primarily due to the fact that the government decided to leave Rome and move elsewhere. The Byzantine Empire flourished while the Roman Empire died a slow death.
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