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In the beginning there was Christ; then Christianity. So, people were becoming Christians, they had fun, laughed, had communion together and lived in peace. Then, one day, in 1054., Roman Catholic Church (now, then just the western church and the bishop of Rome) excommunicated the bishop of Constantinople because he said to the other guy that he is a bit*ch. In other, more subtle words, of coarse. And this was because roman bishop said that the H. Spirit proceeds from the Son as well as from the father (filliesEUause). The whole church on the east (majority of christian bishops) did not think this was good belief and believed (and still do) that the H. Spirit proceeds ONLY from the Father. And so roman church, actually, was the one to branch away. Eastern orthodox church just remained on its former course. Today they are trying to reunite (ecumenism). But the Pope want give away his infiability cause, which is just bulls*it. But we will see. This anathema of 1054 was removed on Second Vatican council in 1965 and the two churches are "n peace" nowadays, they just don't agree aver catholic additions to dogma (fillioque, infiability, inquisition, indulgences, interdict, ...)
The bishop of Constatinople then was Photius (or it is spelled with F(otious), i am not sure about that).
Also, Pope insisted on having supremacy over all other bishops, which was/is just not right and by "the book". Politics had much more to do with this.
You can research more about this on the net. In the history it is called The Great Schism (of 1054)
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