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Spiritualism is a religious movement that began in the United States and was prominent in the 1840s ? 1920s, especially in English-speaking countries. The movement's distinguishing feature is the belief that the spirits of the dead can be communicated with by mediums. These spirits are believed to live on a higher plane of existence than humans, and are therefore capable of providing guidance in both worldly and spiritual matters.
Gnosticism (from Greek nosies, knowledge) is a term created by modern scholars to describe a diverse, synergistic religious movement, especially in the first centuries of the common era. Gnostics believed in nosies, the knowledge of God enabled by secret teachings. Some Gnostics considered themselves Christian, identifying Jesus as the divine spirit incarnated to bring nosies to humanity. However, Gnostic non-dualism placed it in stark contrast to Jewish and Christian dualistic teaching, and Gnostics were la belled heretics. Other Gnostics were not even nominally Christian, and several Gnostic texts appear to have no Christian element at all. Still others were certainly devout mystic ascetics who worshiped Jesus and lived in their own unique ways according to His teachings.
Gnostics taught that humans were divine souls trapped in a material world created by an evil spirit, the demiurge. In order to free oneself from the evil, material world, one needed gnosis, or spiritual knowledge. Initiates were instructed in secret teachings to help them achieve gnosis. God was depicted as a pleroma composed of multiple manifestations.
Because the textual evidence comes from the first few centuries AD, many scholars have assumed that Gnosticism did not predate this period, but earlier historians of religion saw it as an outgrowth of ancient mystical traditions in Asia, especially Iran.
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