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The Jewish rabbis/priests did not believe that Jesus was the prophet of God. They didn't believe that Mary was a virgin. They refused to accept the messiah would be a "bastard" child. Figured that hey, the messiah can't die so we'll kill this guy off. So that's why they wanted to kill him.
Muslims do not believe that Jesus was crucified. For such a horrendous thing to happen to a prophet of God is unimaginable. God would never allow such a thing to happen. So instead, God placed another man that looked like Jesus in his place. So no harm ever reached the beloved prophet. When he returned to his loyal followers, they were all shocked but happy to see that indeed it was not Jesus who died on the cross. He reassured his followers to follow what he taught them and not to change his message or go astray etc etc. After this, God raised Jesus up alive into the heavens, where he is still now. He is the only prophet (in fact, only human being ever) to be raised up alive in heaven right now and for the rest of history (other people have to die and wait for the day of judgment, even prophets like Muhammad, moses, Solomon pub them). Jesus is to return to earth in the end days to put an end to all injustice in the world. Towards the end of times, as Muslims believe, atrocities will be committed against the Muslims. Everyone will hate them, think they are odd and strange, they will be persecuted. The Muslim leaders will all be hypocrites and do injustice with their own citizens. and then finally with the arrival of the Antichrist, Muslims will be seen as the biggest enemies and everyone will want to destroy them. But when Prophet Isa returns, he will set the record straight and tell everyone that indeed he is no son of God, he was always only a prophet of God and he will kill the Antichrist. and everyone will become muslim.
This is the islamic perspective of the role of Prophet Jesus.
you can watch this link if you want: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDrObm8ao?
EDIT- to answer your additional details: no he didn't suddenly stop being a prophet. Just like Adam, and moses, and noah, and abraham, and isaac, and ishmael, and solomon, and david (the list goes on and on)- none of them just stopped being a prophet. They were all prophets for every day they spent here on earth. Jesus is special in that he did not die, God raised him up alive b/c the people God sent him to were just too cruel. He did not fail in his mission. No prophet failed their mission, they all were blessed by God to do exactly as they were told. Its the people who failed to accept it. Muhammad pbuh was always going to be the last prophet, no matter how successful or unsuccessful jesus or the previous prophets were. God's plan was so. God's religion was to be completed by the last messenger, Muhammad. and His words would be revealed through him in his final book, the Quran, which will remain according to God's promise, unaltered until the Day of Judgment. So far, there has been no change to the Quran for the past 1400 years, that in itself is a miracle. The bible however is a bit different, b/c it was not directly dictated by Jesus. Instead it was a written account by many different authors who claim many different things. If you study the bible and the history of the bible, you will see obvious flaws, obvious contradictions. God's religio was not perfected through the bible, it couldn't be b/c the writers were not prophets. There are scriptures and gospels that show clearly that Jesus was no son of God but a prophet, but those scriptures were not ever included in the final bible. why???? there are so many doubtful facts about the bible, just study the facts and you will understand. St. Paul is the one that spread Christianity to the romans, he just merged their pagan religion and christianity together and created the modern day christianity followed today. It is far from the message of Jesus. Why would Christmas be celebrated on Dec 25th (in honor of the pagan's winter solcitice) when jesus was not even born on that date? the concept of trinity did not arise until st paul introduced it. He convinced the pagains (who already believed in a trinity) that the son of God that they believed in was actually Jesus. these are facts. why does christianity follow so many pagan rituals (decorating trees?). there are numerous other examples i can give you that show blatantly that the christian religion has numerous contaminations in it. The religion of God was not perfected and needed a new prophet. the reasons are clear.
My intention was to only answer your question. I don't intend on converting you or even trying. and i hope i did not insult anyone either. this is just what we believe and i am explaining that.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wm3sZfPwv1g
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Islam : why was Isa (Jesus) sent to the cross?
