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There is no given purpose of spiders in the Quran. It's habit of spinning a web is used as a parable to illustrate the futility/weakness of setting anything other than God up as a supreme authority.
See Al Quraan 29:41
The Eadith story about Muhammad and the spider is an adaptation from a Talmudic one about David.
He (David) was compelled to change his mean opinion of the spider in his flight before Saul, when he was hiding in a cave, and his pursuers, seeing a spider's web across the front of the cave, thought it useless to enter; for God had commanded the spider at that moment to give a proof of its usefulness (Ben Sira, l.c.; partly in Targ. to Ps. lvii. 3; compare Levy, "Chal. W?rterb." i. 48).
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=82&letter=D#257
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