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Judaism had been around almost 3,000 years when Confcius was born, so he could have known Judaism existed. Whether he was influenced by Judaism is doubtful.
Differences: Judaism believes in One God, Confucius believed or allowed for in a number of them. Concepts of God are different.
Similarities:
1. Both are ethical systems
2. Both ascribe to the 'golden rule' as did the Greeks and Buddhists.
Reading the story of Confucius' life, it sounds as if he learned in the school of hard knocks by experience and suffering what not to do to others in order to minimize suffering. His just rule that honored human beings produced a very prosperous country, of which nearby rulers were jealous and sought to kill him.
The Catholic Church at one time tried to make Christianity and Confucianism similar. Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit priest, translated a number of Confuscius' works and intertwined Catholicism with Confuscism in the 1500's, so our understanding of Confuscius may hinge on this Jesuit's understanding of it, including the insertion of the golden rule (which was written by Hillel the Elder before Christianity).
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