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I'm familiar with two - the Bavli (Babylonian) Talmud and the Yerushalmi (Jerusalem - actually known as the Palestinian) Talmud.
Half of the Talmud was given by G-d in order to explain the Torah while the other half is a collection of commentary on the Torah (which are our laws). The reason for the Talmud (which was originally oral), is that while the Torah says to keep the Shabbat holy, it does not go into detail as to how to do so. The Talmud explains this - no lighting of fires, no work, etc; what is possible and what is not in order to fulfill this one law.
Now , bear in mind that the Law is quite complex. Many sites (and I'd love to see the ones that you used in your research, please) take the law out of context. Look at the 2ND Amendment to the US Constitution - it actually discusses the freedom to own guns as a part of a well-regulated militia, but our Supreme Court just recently upheld that one need not belong to a militia or other police-type group in order to own a gun legally.
Laws are complex and often misunderstood and taken out of context. It requires a lot of study and working with people who are intimately knowledgeable about the law to full understand it.
Edit - OK - to your additional detail - there is NO post-1900 Talmud. As another poster noted, the Bavli and Yershalmi were closed way before 1900. There MAY be additional books written on the Talmud - interpretations, etc., but the Talmud is unchanged.
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