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Protestantism emerged out of the Reformation which started on 31 October 1517 when Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses against the sale of indulgences (to provide funds for Pope Leo X ambitious building project). Luther was excommunicated from the Church of Rome. Before and after Luther were lots of other reformers such as John Knox, Jean Calvin, William Tyndale, Cranmer, Latimer and Ridley, John Bunyan, John and Charles Wesley, etc., etc. They disagreed with the Church of Rome and the authority of the Pope.
It's a huge subject, but I suggest you start with the link below on Martin Luther and then the Got Questions link on the Protestant Reformation.
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