only some Catholics are called Roman Catholics. They're called that because they follow what the Pope says, and he's in Rome. Technically Vatican City, but Vatican City sits inside of Rome
because Catholicism is from Rome, only the early Christians centered their religion around Jerusalem, and they were very different from Roman Catholics, and resembled Jews in the principles of their religion.
Catholocism originated with Rome, not Jerusalem. The pagan emperor Constantine worshiped the pagan queen of heaven cult, he then changed it into the cult of Mary, with idols, holy water and other pagan rituals. This, with some christian beliefs became the roman church.
The term Roman came about during the reformation. The reason Luther and the others wanted to use the term Catholic. The true name of the Roman Catholic Church is the Catholic Church it matters not where the Pope is located.
Just a little more history protestants like to ignore and make believe does not exist.
First, Papalism isn't from Jerusalem. The schism arose in Rome, under the leadership of the schismatic Patriarch of Rome, that is, the Pope of Rome. This schism abandoned the true Church in the 11Th century.
After Peter went to Rome, the leader of the Apostles were re-chosen and remained there. Later this figurehead was called the pope which originally meant "father".
The "keys of the kingdom" were given to St. Peter by Jesus Christ (according to the Gospel of St. Matthew). Catholics (and some other Christian denominations likewise) believe this was Jesus' way of denoting the "primacy" of Peter (compared to the other apostles) and that such primacy was to be passed down to his successors. It is believed that St. Peter was martyred in Rome, while he was the Bishop of Rome, so that specific office (Bishop of Rome) became the seat of primacy. This is how the Catholic church became affiliated with Rome to begin with. Even to this day, the Pope Carry's the title "Bishop of Rome".
To answer your question however, Catholics were not referred to as "Roman Catholics" until about 1950 in the spirit of political correctness as not to offend other schismatic groups who also claim to be "the/a Catholic Church". Most Catholics have adopted this term in order to differentiate with little hesitation while some of the more conservative ones insist that it is improper to both classify the Church's in communion with the papacy as "Roman" and to classify any other church as "Catholic". The loudest criticism of the Catholic church's exclusive use of the word "Catholic" doesn't however come from the older non-papal, liturgical worshipers (such as the Orthodox, Anglican, and Episcopalian churches) rather they come from the more recent schisms that tend to actually have the word "Catholic" in the name of their church (ex: The American Catholic Church, Liberal Catholic Church, etc).