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The most important trait they share is all of them value kindness and teach to avoid doing harm to others.
Buddhism is a religion based on the teachings of Gautama (The Buddha) who claims to have become enlightened through meditation. They view life as suffering. The point of Buddhism is to lose ones attachments and to overcome suffering.
Taoism is a mystical belief founded by Lao Tseu (I think - it might be older than his writings. If somebody knows, please correct me). It is a mystical doctrine based on the idea that the Tao is the main force in the Universe. The Tao is unfathomable and infinitely subtle, yet is the one force that regulates the whole Universe. Yin and Yan are Taoist ideas. If you know about Star Wars, you already know about Tao, because George Lucas was inspired by the idea to talk about the force. But of course, Star Wars is science fiction, so don't take everything in there literally. It's just to give you an idea.
Hinduism is the main religion of India. It is the oldest surviving faith today. Although Hindus worship many Gods, they believe these are all in reality emanations of the one Brahman. It is a very diverse religion and it is hard to paint a complete picture of it. But basically, God, the Brahman, is everything and everything is bound to return to it eventually.
Jainism is the less practiced of those faiths. The Jain vow to harm nothing. They take this to extremes that often puzzle outsiders. They may sweep the floor in front of them, to avoid stepping on bugs. They don't even become craftsmen, for fear of harming inanimate objects, like metal. Most often, they become merchants, and have been very successful at it.
Buddhists and Taoists are often said to be atheists (Not sure about the Jain), but they are not atheists in the western sense. They do believe the universe is ordained in a way that goes beyond normal human understanding. They just don't believe in a God that dictates things to humanity.
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